Psicología y psicopatología con el liderazgo
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Introducción. La presente aportación panorámica y breve versa sobre la psicología y psicopatología de líderes y seguidores de múltiples tipos y ámbitos. Material y método. Revisión del alcance basada en la pertinente y detallada búsqueda documental en PubMed y Google Scholar hasta enero de 2025, de la que se han seleccionado n= 94 referencias consideradas más relevantes. Resultados y discusión. La cuestión del liderazgo es compleja y ambigua, por lo que a efectos prácticos se le asimilarán en adelante los conceptos de jefatura, dirección y otros. A continuación, se exponen sintéticamente los heterogéneos hallazgos y las oportunas consideraciones interpretativas cualitativas. Las personalidades de líderes y seguidores son interdependientes. Se ha documentado que la exaltación del liderazgo atrae y legitima las preferencias de la audiencia más narcisista, y que los seguidores o subordinados suelen desarrollar una psicología flexible que les permite aceptar diferentes líderes en distintos contextos. Las disfunciones, rasgos y trastornos mentales y del comportamiento de los líderes históricos suelen conformar una red complicada de características conductuales adaptativas y desadaptativas. Entre los líderes, hipotéticamente no será infrecuente hallar patrones en su personalidad considerados oscuros. Por su parte, el liderazgo autoritario se relaciona positivamente con el comportamiento poco ético de los seguidores. Idealmente el liderazgo, en el que está constatada la sincronización neuronal interpersonal líder-seguidor, debería ser servicial y ético, además de apoyado en el conocimiento neurocientífico. Conclusiones. Se ha evidenciado una brecha de conocimiento investigador actualizado adecuado sobre la psicología y psicopatología de líderes y liderados, que requiere nuevas investigaciones.
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