Learning behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Main Article Content
Abstract
The literature has explored the learning problems presented by children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the impact of comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on learning in children with ASD has barely been analyzed. Goals. 1) To analyze the differences in the learning behavior of children with ASD with and without comorbidity with ADHD and children with typical development (TD); 2) Investigate the association between different domains of learning behaviors and behavioral and emotional problems in children with ASD and children with ASD + ADHD. Method. 87 children participated (30 with a diagnosis of high functioning ASD, 22 with ASD + ADHD and 36 with TD between 7 and 11 years matched in age, cognitive ability and vocabulary.) Teachers reported on the scale of learning behaviors (LBS), and the parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) Results The results showed significant differences between children with ASD with and without comorbidity in all LBS domains, and correlations revealed that less flexibility in the search of strategies for greater emotional problems in ASD and greater behavioral problems in ASD + ADHD Conclusions The findings highlight the negative impact of ADHD symptoms on all the learning prerequisites analyzed. emotional and behavioral problems in the ability to change when planning learning strategies in children with autism high performance.
Downloads
Article Details
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., Wagner, K. E., Ledesma, A., & Faraone, S. V. (2016). An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: A focus on clinical management. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 16, 279-293.
Blumberg, S. J., Bramlett, M. D., Kogan, M. D., Schieve, L. A., Jones, J. R., & Lu, M. C. (2013). Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S. children: 2007 to 2011-2012 (National Health Statistics Report No. 65). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
Chiang, H. L., Kao, W. C., Chou, M. C., Chou, W. J., Chiu, Y. N., Wu, Y. Y., & Gau, S. S. F. (2017). School dysfunction in youth with autistic spectrum disorder in Taiwan: The effect of subtype and ADHD. Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1923
Chien, Y. L., Tu, E. N., & Gau, S. S. F. (2017). School Functions in Unaffected Siblings of Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 3059-3071.
DiPerna, J. C., & Elliott, S. N. (2002). Promoting academic enablers to improve student achievement: an introduction to the miniseries. Sch. Psychol. Rev. 31, 293–297.
Estes, A., Rivera, V., Bryan, M., Cali, P., & Dawson, G. (2011). Discrepancies between academic achievement and intellectual ability in higher-functioning school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1044–1052.
Findon, J., Cadman, T., Stewart, C. S., Woodhouse, E., Eklund, H., Hayward, H., ... & Murphy, D. (2016). Screening for co occurring conditions in adults with autism spectrum disorder using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study. Autism Research, 9, 1353-1363.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581-586.
Griswold, D. E., Barnhill, G. P., Myles, B. S., Hagiwara, T., & Simpson, R. L. (2002). Asperger syndrome and academic achievement. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 94–102.
Jones, C.R., Happe, F., Golden, H., Marsden, A.J., Tregay, J., Simonoff, E., . . . Charman, T. (2009). Reading and arithmetic in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Peaks and dips in attainment. Neuropsychology, 23, 718–728.
Joshi, G., Faraone, S. V., Wozniak, J., Tarko, L., Fried, R., Galdo, M., ... & Biederman, J. (2017). Symptom profile of ADHD in youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a comparative study in psychiatrically referred populations. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(10), 846-855.
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. I. (2000). K-BIT, Test breve de inteligencia de Kauffman [Kaufman brief intelligence test]. Madrid: Pearson.
Koegel, L. K., Singh, A. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2010). Improving motivation for academics in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1057-1066.
Lai, M.C., Lombardo, M.V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Autism. Lancet, 383, 896–910.
Lawson, R. A., Papadakis, A. A., Higginson, C. I., Barnett, J. E., Wills, M. C., Strang, J. F., ... &
Kenworthy, L. (2015). Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Neuropsychology, 29, 445-453.
Leitner Y. (2014). The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – what do we know? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8, 268.
Mattila, M.L., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Kielinen, M., . . . Moilanen, I. (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism: a community- and clinic-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1080–1093.
McDermott, P. A., Green, L. F., Francis, J. M., & Stott, D. H. (2001). Learning Behaviors Scale. Philadelphia, PA: Edumetric and Clinical Science
McDermott, P. A., Rikoon, S. H., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2016). Transition and protective agency of early childhood learning behaviors as portents of later school attendance and adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 54, 59–75.
McDermott, P. A., Rikoon, S. H., Waterman, C., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2011). The preschool learning 2007 to 2011-2012 (National Health Statistics Report No. 65). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
McDermott, P. A., Rikoon, S. H., Waterman, C., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2011). The preschool learning behaviors scale: dimensionality and external validity in head start. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 66–81.
Mendelson, J.L., Gates, J.A., & Lerner, M.D. (2016). Friendship in school-age boys with autism spectrum disorders: A metaanalytic summary and developmental, process-based model. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 601–622.
Rao, P.A., & Landa, R.J. (2014). Association between severity of behavioral phenotype and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18, 272–280.
Rodríguez-Hernández, P. J., Betancort, M., Ramírez-Santana, G. M., García, R., Sanz-Álvarez, E.J., & De las Cuevas-Castresana, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in a Spanish sample. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 265-279.
Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). ADI-R. Autism diagnostic interview revised. Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services
Sikora, D.M., Vora, P., Coury, D.L., & Rosenberg, D. (2012). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, adaptive functioning, and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 130, S91–S97.
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children, fourth edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.