Cyberbullying: differences based on sex and academic course

Main Article Content

Alberto Javier Clemente Soriano
Laura Carrascosa
Jessica Ortega-Barón
Begoña Iranzo

Abstract

Cyberbullying is a serious and transcultural problem. The studies regarding the difference in terms of gender and age of victims and aggressors are inconsistent. In this context, the aims of this study were to analyze if there are differences in cyber-victimization and cyber-aggression according to sex (boys and girls), and the academic year (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of ESO). The sample was composed by 660 adolescents aged International Journal  between 12 and 18 from four high schools. The results show that there are no significant differences between boys and girls in cybervictimization and cyber-aggression. Regarding the academic year, there are no differences depending on the grade in cybervictimization. However, in cyber-aggression, students in 3rd and 4th grade have significantly higher scores compared to students in the 1st grade. These results demonstrate the importance of preventing cyberbullying behavior in adolescents. These results and their implications for future research are discussed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Clemente Soriano, A. J., Carrascosa, L., Ortega-Barón, J., & Iranzo, B. (2019). Cyberbullying: differences based on sex and academic course. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD De Psicología., 3(1), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v3.1642
Section
Articles

References

Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., y Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10–18.

Álvarez-García, D., Barreiro-collazo, A., y Núñez, J. (2017). Cyberaggression among Adolescents: Prevalence and Gender Differences / Ciberagresión entre adolescentes: prevalencia y diferencias de género. Comunicar, 25(50), 89–97.

Álvarez-García, D., Núñezez, J. C., Dobarro, A., y Rodríguez, C. (2015). Risk factors asso-ciated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinicaland Health Psychology, 15, 226–235.

Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P., & Sorrentino, A. (2015). “Am I at risk of cyberbullying”? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 36-51.

Betts, Lucy R., and Karin A. Spenser. 2017. “People think it’s a harmless joke”: Young people’s understanding of the impact of technology, digital vulnerability and cyberbullying in the United Kingdom. Journal of Children and Media 11: 20–35.

Brochado, S., Soares, S. y Fraga, S. (2017). A scoping review on studies of cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(5), 523-531.

Buelga, S., Cava, M. J. y Musitu, G. (2010). Cyberbullying: Victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de Internet. Psicothema, 22(4) ,784-789.

Buelga, S., Iranzo, B., Cava, M. J., y Torralba, E. (2015). Perfil psicosocial de adolescentes agresores de cyberbullying. Revista de Psicología Social, 30(2), 382-406.

Buelga, S., y Pons, J. (2011). Aggressions among adolescents through mobile phones and the Internet. Psychosocial Intervention, 21(1), 91-101.

Cappadocia, M.C., Craig, W.M. y Pepler, D., 2013. Cyberbullying: prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can. J. Sch. Psychol. 28 (2), 171–192.

Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P., y Plichta, P. (2015). Structural validation

and cross-cultural robustnessof the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 141–147.

Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, A. G., & Hawa, V. V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining riskand protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168–181. doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.643169.

Fletcher, A., Fitzgerald-Yau, N., Jones, R., Allen, E., Viner, R. M., & Bonell, C. (2014). Brief report: Cyberbullying perpetration and its associations with socio demographics, aggressive behaviour at school, and mental health outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1393–1398.

Floros, Georgios D., Konstantinos E. Siomos, Virginia Fisoun, Evaggelia Dafouli, and Dimitrios Geroukalis. 2013. Adolescent Online Cyberbullying in Greece: The impact of parental online security practices, bonding, and online impulsiveness. Journal of School Health 83: 445–53.

Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Ciberbullying en adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco: Cambios con la edad. Anales de psicología, 31(3), 1069-1076.

Garaigordobil, M. (2011). Prevalencia y consecuencias del cyberbullying: una revisión. International Journal of Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 233–254.

Garaigordobil, M. y Martinez-Valderrey, V. (2014). Programa de intervención para prevenir y reducir el ciberbullying. Larousse - Ediciones Piramide. Madrid.

Giumetti, G. W., y Kowalski, R. M. (2016). Cyberbullying matters: Examining the incremental impact of cyberbullying on outcomes over and above traditional bullying in North America. En R.

Navarro, S. Yubero, y E. Larrañaga (Eds.), Cyberbullying across the Globe (pp. 117-130). Madrid: Springer International Publishing.

Griezel, L., Finger, L. R., Bodkin-Andrews, G. H., Craven, R. G., y Yeung, A. S. (2012). Uncovering the structure of gender and developmental differences in cyber bullying. The Journal of

Educational Research, 105(6), 442–455.

Hinduja S y Patchin JW (2008). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-156.

Hinduja, S., y Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Neither an epidemic nor a rarity? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 539–543.

Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., y McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45,

–32.

Lee, Changho, and Namin Shin. 2017. Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior 68: 352–58.

Mark, L., y Ratliffe, K. T. (2011). Cyber worlds: New playgrounds for bullying. Computers in Schools, 28, 92–116.

Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., y Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of

Adolescent Health

Navarro, R., Yubero, S., y Larrañaga, E. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and fatalism in adolescence: Resilience as a moderator. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 215-221.

Olweus, D. (1998). Conductas de acoso y amenaza entre escolares. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.

Ortega-Barón, J., y Carrascosa, L. (2018). Malestar psicológico y apoyo psicosocial en víctimas de ciberbullying. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD

de Psicología., 2(1), 357.

Ortega Barón, J., Postigo, J., Iranzo, B., Buelga, S., y Carrascosa, L. (2018). Parental Communication and Feelings of Affiliation in Adolescent Aggressors and Victims of Cyberbullying. Social Sciences, 8(1), 3.

Ortega Ruiz, R., Calmaestra Villén, J., y Mora Merchán, J. A. (2008). Cyberbullying. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8 (2), 183-192.

Ovejero, A., Yubero, S., Larrañaga, E. y Moral M.V. (2016). Cyberbullying: Definitions and Facts from a Psychosocial Perspective. En R. Navarro, S. Yubero y E. Larrañaga (Eds). Cyberbullying Across the Globe: Gender, Family, and Mental Health (pp. 1-31). Prólogo de Peter K. Smith. Springer.

Patchin, J. W., e Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: Implications for Empirical Research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 431–432.

Pelfrey, W. V., & Weber, N. L. (2013). Keyboard gangsters: analysis of incidence and correlates of cyberbullying in a large urban student population. Deviant Behavior, 34(1), 68-84.

Popovic-Citic, B., Djuric, S., & Cvetkovic, V. (2011). The prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents: A case study of middle schools in Serbia. School Psychology International, 32, 412–424.

Pornari, C. D., y Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber agression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive

Behaviour, 36(2), 81-94.

Rice, E., Petering, R., Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., Goldbach, J., Plant, A.,...Kordic, T. (2015). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among middle-school students. American Journal of

Public Health, 105(3), 66-72.

Rodríguez-Álvarez, J. M., Cabrera-Herrera, M. del C., y Yubero Jiménez, S. (2018). Los riesgos de las TIC en las relaciones entre iguales. Cyberbullying en Educación Primaria y Secundaria.

Innoeduca. International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation, 4(2), 185.

Thomas, H. J., Connor, J. P., & Scott, J. G. (2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents–A review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(1), 135-152.

Smith, P.K. (2013). Cyberbullying y ciberagresión. En A. Ovejero, P. Smith y S.Yubero (Eds.) El acoso escolar y su prevención: perspectivas internacionales (pp. 173-189). Madrid. Biblioteca

Nueva.

Smith, P. K. (2019). Research on Cyberbullying: Strengths and Limitations. En: Vandebosch H., Green L. (eds) Narratives in Research and Interventions on Cyberbullying among Young People.

Springer International Publishing.

Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J.M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., y Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: It’s nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4),

–385

Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M.,... Helenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents. Archives of

General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728.

Stewart, R. W., Drescher, C. F., Maack, D. J., Ebesutani, C., y Young, J. (2014). The development and psychometric investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,

(12), 2218-2238.

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers and Human Behavior, 26, 277-287.

Vandebosch, H., y Van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: profiles of bullies and victims. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1349–1371.

Walrave, M., y Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimization and perpetration. Children & Society, 25(1), 59–72.

Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Marín-López, I. (2016). Cyberbullying: a systematic review of research, its prevalence and assessment issues in Spanish studies. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 5–18.