Improving educative quality in higher education by promoting good research practices
Main Article Content
Abstract
Scientific community witness, from time, episodes of academic and scientific fraud impacting on mass media. Fortunately, those type of events are rare, but they have a strong effect upon public opinion. Consequently, higher education and university academic activity is at risk of being perceived negatively. Scientific credibility is also threatened which favours misinformation and therise of populism. Theterm “questionableresearch practices” has even been coined to refer to some research activities suspected to be incongruent with ethical standards. Given that higher education is aimed at promoting, encouraging, and supporting research quality practices, our objective in this paper is twofold. Firstly, we identify those questionable research practices appearing with more frequency in higher education. Secondly, we propose a set of measures minimise, avoid, or eradicate those questionable research practises risking scientific integrity. We hope our suggestions are welcomed by scientific community to open discussions in order to improve and optimise the quality of training in higher education.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
References
Abbott, A. (2012). Plagiarism charge for Romanian minister. Nature, 485, 289. https://doi.org/10.1038/485289a
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 ed.). American Psychological Association.
Antonakis, J. (2017). On doing better science: From thrill of Discovery to policy implications. The Leadership Quarterly, 28 , 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.006
Bakan, D. (1966). The test of significance in psychological research. Psychological Bulletin, 66, 423-437.
Ball, P.,y Maxmen, A. (2020). Theepic battleagainstcoronavirus misinformation and conspiracytheories. Nature, 581, 371–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01452-z
Bates, J. A. (1991). Teaching hypothesis testing by debunking a demostration of telepathy. Teaching of Psychology, 18(2), 94-97.
Biagioli, M. (2016). Watch out for cheats in citation game. Nature, 535, 201. https://doi.org/10.1038/535201a
Brennan, P. (2008). Duplication: most cases on database are innocent. Nature, 452, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/452029d
Callaway, E. (2011). Report finds massive fraud at Dutch universities. Nature, 479, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/479015a
Callway, E. (2016). Beat it, impact factor! Publishing elite turns against controversial metric. Nature, 535, 210-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.20224
Casadevall, A., y Fang, F. C. (2012). Reforming science: methodological and cultural reforms. Infection and Immunity, 80, 891-896. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.06183-11
Chaddah, P. (2014). Not all plagiarism requires a retraction. Nature, 511, 127. https://doi.org/10.1038/511127a
Corbyn, Z. (2012). Misconduct Misconduct is the main cause of life-sciences retractions. Nature, 490, 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/490021a
Crocker, J. (2011). The road to fraud starts with a single step. Nature, 479, 151. https://doi.org/10.1038/479151a
David, D. (2008). Duplication spreads the word to a wider audience. Nature, 452, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/452029b
Else, H. (2021). Swedish research misconduct agency swamped with cases in first year. Nature, 597, 461. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02451-4
Errami, M., y Garner, H. (2008). A tale of two citations. Nature, 451, 397-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/451397a
Fanelli, D. (2013). Redefine misconduct as distorted reporting. Nature, 494, 149. https://doi.org/10.1038/494149a
Fenner, M. (2008). Duplication: stop favouring applicant with longest list. Nature, 452, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/452029a
Galton, D. J. (2012). Did Mendel falsify his data? QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 105(2), 215-216. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr195
Halsey, L. G., Currant-Everett, D., Vowler, S. L., y Drummond, G. B. (2015). The fickled P value generates irreproducible results. Nature Methods, 12, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3288
Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., Rijcke, S., y Rafols, I. (2015). Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics. Nature, 520, 429–431. https://doi.org/10.1038/520429a
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), 696–701. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
Ladyman, J., Lambert, J., y Weisner, K. (2013). What is a complex system? European Journal of Philosophy of Science, 3, 33-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-012-0056-8
León, O. G. (1996). Cómo entusiasmar a 100 estudiantes en la primera clase de metodología e introducir al mismo tiempo 22 conceptos fundamentales de la materia. Psicothema, 8, 221-226.
Macilwain, C. (2012). The time is right to confront misconduct. Nature, 488, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/488007a
Mejlgaard, N., Bouter, L. M., Gaskell, G., Kavouras, P., Allum, N., Bendtsen, A. K., ... y Veltri, G. A. (2020). Research integrity: nine ways to move from talk to walk. Nature, 586, 358-360. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02847-8
Morató, Y. (2012). Una reflexión necesaria sobre el plagio en el EEES. UPO INNOVA: Revista de Innovación Docente, 1, 361-368.
Munafò, M., Nosek, B. A., Bishop, D. V. M., Button, K. S., Chambers, C. D., Percie du Sert, N., ..., Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behavior, 1, Artículo Número 21.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0021
Neaves, W. (2012). The roots of research misconduct. Nature, 488, 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1038/nj7409-121a
Nuzzo, R. (2014). Scientific method: statistical errors. Nature, 506, 150-152. https://doi.org/10.1038/506150a
Orlitzky, M. (2012). How can significance tests be deinstitutionalized? Organizational Research Methods, 5, 199-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428111428356
Pagano, R. R. (1999). Estadística para las ciencias del comportamiento (5ª ed.). Thomson.
Pappas, S. (2021). Leading the charge to address research misconduct. Monitor Psychology, 52, 71-75.
Pascual, J., Frías, M. D., y García, J. F. (2000). El procedimiento de significación estadística (NHST): su trayectoria y actualidad. Revista de Historia de la Psicología, 21(1), 9-26.
Puga, J. L. (2014). Analyzing and reducing plagiarism at university. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 7, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v7i2.102
Puga, J. L. (2014). Using playing cards to differentiate probability interpretations. Teaching Statistics, 36, 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/test.12055
Ruiz-Ruano, A. M., Palazón Pérez de los Cobos, A., y Puga, J. L. (2018). Six manipulative tasks to improve attitudes towards statistics at university. En L. Gómez, A. López, e I. Candel (Eds.), ICERI2018 Proceedings (pp. 8502-8508). IATED Academy. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2018.0555
Ruiz-Ruano, A. M., y Puga, J. L. (2020). Cómo mejorar la comunicación de estadísticos inferenciales en ciencias de la salud. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 11(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2020.5173
Smaldino, P. E., y McElreath, R. (2016). The natural selection of bad science. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 160384. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160384
Stern, H. S. (2016). A test by any other name: p-values, Bayes Factors and statistical inference. Multivariate Behaviour Research, 51, 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2015.1099032
Sureda, J., Comas, R., y Morey, M. (2009). Las causas del plagio académico entre el alumnado universitario según el profesorado. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 50, 197-2020. https://doi.org/10.35362/rie500669
Van Noorden, R. (2013). Brazilian citation scheme outed. Nature, 500, 510–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/500510a
Wasserstein, R. L., y Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70, 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
Werner, R. (2015). The focus on bibliometrics makes papers less useful. Nature, 517, 245. https://doi.org/10.1038/517245a
Wicherts, J. M. (2011). Psychology must learn a lesson from fraud case. Nature, 480, 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/480007a
Wouters, P., Sugimoto, C. R., Larivière, V., McVeigh, M. E., Pulverer, B., de Rijcke, S., y Waltman, L. (2019). Rethinking impact factors: better ways to judge a journal. Nature, 569, 621-623. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01643-3
Yong, E. (2012). Replication studies: bad copy. Nature, 485, 298-300. https://doi.org/10.1038/485298a