Neuromodulation and autism spectrum disorder: a case study
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study presents an analysis of non-invasive neuromodulation treatment with NESA microcurrents in a child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Prior to treatment, the child presents with a number of common ASD-related problems, including disruptive sleep patterns, heightened sensory activity and behavioural problems, as well as irritability and difficulty adapting to change. The present study addresses the evaluation of these variables before and after the implementation of the therapy, in order to analyse the evolution of the minor. The sleep quality of cohabiting family members is also assessed, as sleep quality often deteriorates and changes due to variations in the sleep quality of children with ASD. NESA non-invasive neuromodulation combines low-impedance electrostimulation with different programmes aimed at affecting various symptomatologies through stimulation of the autonomic nervous system. Once the therapeutic process was completed, a significant improvement was observed in all the variables evaluated. The evidence in the results supports a 17% increase in sleep quality. In addition, a 22% increase in the sensory profile was observed. The most significant result is a 44% reduction in disruptive behaviour. On the other hand, and assessing the sleep quality of the family members themselves, a significant improvement in the quality of their sleep was observed, with a 24% increase in their sleep patterns. These results suggest that NESA therapy may have a positive impact on some intrinsic aspects of ASD symptomatology, providing functional and quality of life support to patients, as well as to their families indirectly.
Article Details
Section

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
How to Cite
References
Alfonso Alfonso, M., Báez Martínez, M. M., Morales Chacón, L. M., & González Naranjo, J. E. (2019). Validación al Español de un cuestionario de hábitos de sueño en los niños. Revista Cubana de Pediatría , 91 (2). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75312019000200011&lng=es
Báez-Suárez, A., Padrón-Rodríguez, I., Castellano-Moreno, E., González González, E., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., & Medina-Ramirez, R. I. (2023). Application of non-invasive neuromodulation in children with neurode-velopmental disorders to improve their sleep quality and constipation. BMC Pediatrics , 23 (465). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04307-4
Barahona-Corrêa, J. B., Velosa, A., Chainho, A., Lopes, R., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2018). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience , 12 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2018.00027
Brett, D., Warnell, F., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Factors Affecting Age at ASD Diagnosis in UK: No Evidence that Diagnosis Age has Decreased Between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 46 (6), 1974-1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2716-6
Bruchhage, M. M. K., Bucci, M.-P., & Becker, E. B. E. (2018). Cerebellar involvement in autism and ADHD. Handbook of Clinical Neurology , 155 , 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00004-4
Chen, H., Yang, T., Chen, J., Chen, L., Dai, Y., Zhang, J., Li, L., Jia, F., Wu, L., Hao, Y., Ke, X., Yi, M., Hong, Q., Chen, J., Fang, S., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Jin, C., & Li, T (2021). Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: A multicenter survey. BMC Psychiatry , 21 (406). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03405-w
Dawson, G., Rieder, A. D., & Johnson, M. H. (2023). Prediction of autism in infants: Progress and challenges. The Lancet. Neurology , 22 (3), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00407-0
Díaz-Román, A., Zhang, J., Delorme, R., Beggiato, A., & Cortese, S. (2018). Sleep in youth with autism spectrum disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Evidence Based Mental Health , 21 (4). https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300037
Dunn, W. (2014). Perfil-Sensorial 2 . Pearson.
Favole, I., Davico, C., Marcotulli, D., Sodero, R., Svevi, B., Amianto, F., Ricci, F. S., Arduino, G. M., & Vitiello, B. (2023). Sleep disturbances and emotional dysregulation in young children with autism spectrum, intellectual disability, or global developmental delay. Sleep Medicine, 105 , 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.02.026
Fomenko, A., Neudorfer, C., Dallapiazza, R. F., Kalia, S. K., & Lozano, A. M. (2018). Low-intensity ultrasound neuromodulation: An overview of mechanisms and emerging human applications. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 11 (6), 1209-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.013
Jiang, C.-C., Lin, L.-S., Long, S., Ke, X.-Y., Fukunaga, K., Lu, Y.-M., & Han, F. (2022). Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy , 7 (229). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0
Karsh, N., Hartston, M., & Hadad, B.-S. (2025). Atypical Impact of Action Effect Delay on Motor Performance in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 55 (2), 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06227-9
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Autism. Lancet , 383 (9920), 896-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1
Liu, R., Dong, H., Wang, Y., Lu, X., Li, Y., Xun, G., Ou, J., Shen, Y., Xia, K., & Zhao, J. (2021). Sleep Problems of Children with Autism May Independently Affect Parental Quality of Life. Child Psychiatry & Human Development , 52 (3), 488-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01035-z
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet , 392 (10146), 508-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31129-2
Mazurek, M. O., & Petroski, G. F. (2015). Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: Examining the contributions of sensory over-responsivity and anxiety. Sleep Medicine, 16 (2), 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.006
Medina-Ramírez, R., Moline-Cedrés, Fa., Báez-Suárez, A., & Álamo-Arce, D.(2021). Nesa Non-Invasive Neuromodulation; A New Frontier of Treatment of the Autonomous Nervous System in Physiotherapy. CPQ Orthopaedics , 5 (4), 01-04.
Parmeggiani, A., Corinaldesi, A., & Posar, A. (2019). Early features of autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics , 45 (144). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-019-0733-8
Ruggieri, V. (2023). [Autism. Pharmacological treatment]. Medicina , 83 Suppl 4 , 46-51.
Sanchack, K. E., & Thomas, C. A. (2016). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles. American Family Physician , 94 (12), 972-979.
Simon, D. M., & Wallace, M. T. (2016). Dysfunction of sensory oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 68 , 848-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.016
Soto, I. A. L. C., Rodríguez, H. G. H., Calvillo, F. N., Navarro, M. E. G., Elías, C. L. G., Gollaz, G. G., & Oro, A. B. (2018). Validación de la versión en español de la Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community en pacientes autistas mexicanos. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia , 19 (2), 49-61.
Souders, M. C., Zavodny, S., Eriksen, W., Sinko, R., Connell, J., Kerns, C., Schaaf, R., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2017). Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19 (6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0782-x
Teruel-Hernández, E., López-Pina, J. A., Souto-Camba, S., Báez-Suárez, A., Medina-Ramírez, R., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2023). Improving Sleep Quality, Daytime Sleepiness, and Cognitive Function in Patients with Dementia by Therapeutic Exercise and NESA Neuromodulation: A Multicenter Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 20 (21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20217027
Tzischinsky, O., Meiri, G., Manelis, L., Bar-Sinai, A., Flusser, H., Michaelovski, A., Zivan, O., Ilan, M., Faroy, M., Menashe, I., & Dinstein, I. (2018). Sleep disturbances are associated with specific sensory sensitivities in children with autism. Molecular Autism , 9 (22). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0206-8
Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research , 15 (5), 778-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696