Attitudes to death in adolescents: psychometric properties of three scales.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The need to measure adolescent attitudes to death, since the recent COVID-19 pandemic, has been unleashed in order to subsequently be able to perform psychoeducation based on the level of discomfort warned and to study the changes that have occurred in their attitudes during this crisis of humanity. Until now, at this evolutionary stage, adolescents considered themselves invincible, while thinking of death as far away, yet we believe that the untied facts have changed attitudes to the death of adolescents. Three scales have been chosen to quantify death attitudes: the Death Anxiety Scale (D.A.S.), the Revised Death Depression Scale (D.D.S.-R.) and the Death Obsession Scale (D.O.S.); as they had sufficient reliability and validity with other samples studied. Therefore, the goal was to validate the scales in adolescents. It was conducted through experimental, longitudinal, quantitative, descriptive, comparative, correlational and analytical research. The three scales of death discomfort have been applied in a sample of 1069 young people, analysing their reliability and validity. The results revealed high reliability (Alpha coefficient of Cronbach.719,.896,.920) and content validity (K.M.O..802,.929,.802), which indicated that they could be factored. Concluding that the three scales determine attitudes to the death of adolescents. Therefore, they can be applied after educational interventions to estimate empowerment in time of crisis.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
References
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1986). Death anxiety in Egyptian samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 7(4), 479- 483. http://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(86)90126-1
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1991). Death anxiety among Lebanese samples. Psychological Reports, 68(3), 924-926. http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3.924
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1998a). The structure and measurement of death obsession. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(2), 159-165. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00144-X
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1998b). Death, anxiety, and depression in Lebanese undergraduates. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 37(4), 289-302. http://doi.org/10.2190/CN5K-XF4C-2NPG-17E0
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2004a). A general factor of death distress in seven clinical and non-clinical groups. Death Studies, 28, 889-898. http://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490491040
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2004b). The Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA): Its development, validation, and results in three Arab countries. Death Studies, 28(5), 435-457. http://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490437572
Aguiar, F. X. (2010). Ansiedade, depresión e obsesión ante a morte en estudantes universitarios. [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universidad de Vigo. https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=927960
Alcázar, M. & García, M. (2014). Ansiedad ante la muerte en jóvenes y personas mayores de determinadas zonas de la ciudad de Zaragoza. [Trabajo fin de grado de Trabajo Social, Universidad de Zaragoza]. https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/14638
Alvarado, K. A., Templer, D. I., Bresler, C. & Thomas-Dobson, S. (1993). Are death anxiety and death depression distinct entities?. OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying, 26(2), 113-118. http://doi.org/10.2190/20HL-33JRVABJ- DLTW
Armas-Arráez, M. M. (2016). Sentido de la vida y afectividad negativa en pacientes con ansiedad y depresión. [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca. https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=1225197
Armas-Arráez, M.M. (2019). La educación tanatológica y en competencias para la vida. [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universidad de La Laguna. https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=1811301
Bisquerra, R. (1987). Introducción a la estadística aplicada a la investigación educativa. Promociones Publicaciones Universitarias.
Cantero, M. F. (2013). La educación para la muerte. Un reto formativo para la sociedad actual. Psicogente,16(30), 424-438. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4975/497552364014.pdf
De Hoyos, M. C. (2015). ¿Entendemos los adultos el duelo de los niños?. Acta Pediátrica Española, 73(2), 27- 32. https://actapediatrica.com/images/pdf/Volumen-73—-Numero-2—-Febrero-2015.pdf#page=7
Disckstein, L.S. & Blatt, S. (1967). Death concern, futurity and anticipation. Journal Conseling Psychology,30, 11-17. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1966-04230-001
Donovan, J. M. (1993). Validation of a Portuguese form of Templer s Death Anxiety Scale. Psychological Reports, 73, 195-200. http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.195
Gala, F. J., Lupiani, M., Raja, R., Guillén, C., González, J. M., Villaverde, M. & Alba, I. (2002). Actitudes psicológicas ante la muerte y el duelo: Una revisión conceptual. Cuadernos de medicina forense, 30, 39-50. http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-76062002000400004&lng=es&tlng=pt.
Gallego, A., & Isidro, A.I. (2019). El duelo de la muerte en la etapa de la adolescencia. Revista INFAD de Psicología International Journal of Developmental and educational Psychology, 1(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v1.1388
Munist, M., Santos, H., Kotliarenco, M. A., Suárez, E.N., Infante, F., & Grotberg, E. (1998). Manual de identificación y promoción de la resiliencia en niños y adolescentes, Washington, D.C., Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Organización mundial de la Salud. https://www.paho.org/Spanish/HPP/HPF/ADOL/Resilman.PDF
Jeffers, F. C., Nichols, C. R. & Eisdorfer, C. (1961). Attitudes of older persons toward death. A preliminary review. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 53-56. http://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/16.1.53
Kastenbaum, R. & Costa, P. T. (1977). Psychological Perspectives on Death. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 151-165. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.001301
Lonetto, R., Fleming, S. & Mercer, G.W. (1979). The structure of Death Anxiety: A factor Analytic Study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43(4), 388-392. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4304_9
López-Castedo, A. & Calle, I. (2008). Características psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad ante la Muerte (DAS) en pacientes de VIH/ SIDA. Psicothema, 20(4), 958-963. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/727/72720468.pdf
López-Castedo, A., Dominguez, J. & Aguiar,F.J. (2013). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de obsesión ante la muerte (DOS) en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Gallego-Portuguesa de Psicología y Educación, 2(1), 165-173. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61911261.pdf
Nelson, L. D. (1979). Structural conductiveness, personality characteristics and death anxiety. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 10, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FTMLP-GHXM-88B0-JY1Q
Maltby, J. & Day, L. (2000). The reliability and validity of Death Obsession Scale among English university and adult samples. Personality and Individual Difference, 28, 695-700. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0191- 8869(99)00229-9
Otálvaro, J. M. (2015). Desplazamiento forzado en adolescentes desde la experiencia límite según el modelo logoterapéutico. Ánfora, 22(38), 135-159. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5151537
Rivera-Ledesma, A. & Montero-López, M. (2010). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad ante la Muerte de Templer en sujetos mexicanos. Revista Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología, 6 (1), 135-140. http://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2010.0001.10
Ryle, J.A. (1941). Fears may be liars. Allen & Unwin.
Saggino, A. & Kline, P. (1996). Item factor analysis of the Italian version of the death Anxiety Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 329-333. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199605)52:3%3C329::AIDJCLP11%3E3.0.CO;2-K
Sanchez-Bacilio, R., & Shica-Cabrera, A. (2019). Depresión y Ansiedad Ante la Muerte en Adultos Mayores Violentados de la Ciudad de Trujillo. [Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad César Vallejo]. http://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/handle/UCV/30346
Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. Journal of General Psychology, 82, 165-177. http://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634
Templer, D. I., Lavoie, M., Chalgujian, H. & Thomas, S. (1990). The measurement of death depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 834-839. http://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199011)46:6%3C834::AIDJCLP2270460623% 3E3.0.CO;2-0
Templer, D. I., Harville, M., Hutton, S., Underwood, R., Tomeo, M. Russel, M., Mitroff, D. & Arikawa, H. (2002). Death Depression Scale- Revised. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 44(2), 105-112. http://doi.org/10.2190/32L3-DPDA-M4U3-7L81
Tomás, A. C. & Gómez, J. G. (2002a). Psychometric properties of the Spanish form of Templer s Death Anxiety Scale. Psychological Reports, 91, 116-1120. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.2002.91.3f.1116
Tomás, J. & Gómez, J.G. (2002b). Psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the Death Obsession Scale (DOS). Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 46, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.2190%2F4B2C-MK8JX8YJ-9X4M
Tomás, A. C. & Gómez, J. G. (2003). Variables relacionadas con la ansiedad ante la muerte. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 56(3), 257-279. http://Dialnet-VariablesRelacionadasConLaAnsiedadAnteLaMuerte- 818725%20(5).pdf
Tomás, A. C. & Gómez, J. G. (2004). Ansiedad, depresión y obsesión ante la muerte: aproximación conceptual e instrumentos de evaluación. Interpsiquis, 5, 189-196. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-15949-004
Tomás, J., Limonero, J., Templer, D. I. & Gómez, J. (2005). The Death Depression Scale-Revised. Preliminary Empirical Validations of the Spanish Form. Omega: Journal of Death y Dying, 50(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FXBRR-PMPP-C0XH-KP80
Tomás, J. & Guix, E. (2001). Ansiedad ante la muerte: efectos de un curso de formación a enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermaría. Enfermería Clínica, 11, 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-8621(01)73697-2
Torrico, E., Santín, C., Andrés, M., Menén, S. & López, M. (2002). El modelo ecológico de Bronfrenbrenner como marco teórico de la Psicooncología. Anales de psicología,18(1), 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps
Warren, W. G. & Chopra, P. N. (1979). Some reliability and validity considerations on Australian data form the Death Anxiety Scale. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 9, 293-298. https://doi.org/10.2190%2F6375- 5PRM-H81R-4B0D
Wohlford, P. (1966). Extension of personal time, affective states and expectation of personal death. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 559-566. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0023208