Comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en adolescentes del sistema de protección: una revisión sistemática
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Abstract
La salud sexual de los/as adolescentes y jóvenes suele mirarse desde una lente que se enfoca en los problemas. En el caso de los adolescentes que están en el sistema de protección infantil este análisis centrado en los riesgos es mayor si cabe, dado que experimentan tasas más altas de resultados negativos de salud sexual. La presente revisión tiene el objetivo de examinar la literatura relacionada con los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo de los adolescentes y jóvenes que se encuentran en el sistema de protección. Para ello, se han consultado varias bases de datos (Web of Science, Scopus y PUBMED), restringiendo la búsqueda a las palabras clave “sexual behavior” o “sexual risk” y “child welfare system” o “foster youth”, y el rango de publicación entre 2011 y 2021. De las 1496 publicaciones identificadas inicialmente, se eliminaron aquellas duplicadas y/o que no cumplían los criterios de inclusión, quedándonos con un total de 22 artículos. La mitad de las publicaciones que analizaban los comportamientos predictivos de conductas sexuales de riesgo se centraban en las experiencias de abuso sexual en la infancia. Por otro lado, el 22,7% de los artículos analizados informaban de un uso deficitario del preservativo entre los jóvenes en hogares de acogida, mientras que el 18,2% afirmaban que este colectivo presenta una mayor prevalencia de ITS y el 31,8% reportan que las tasas de embarazo son más altas entre las chicas de esta población. Asimismo, el 18,2% de los estudios analizados encontraron indicios de una posible relación entre la participación en el sistema de bienestar infantil y en actividades de sexo transaccional. Así, aunque la investigación sobre este tema sigue siendo escasa, esta revisión pone de manifiesto el riesgo de desarrollar patrones poco saludables de sexualidad entre los jóvenes del sistema de protección.
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